![]() ![]() Article 101(1)(a) of the UNCLOS definition also states that piracy occurs on the high seas. The 1958 Geneva Convention on the High Seas states that piracy occurs on the high seas. (i) on the high seas, against another ship or aircraft, or against persons or property on board such ship or aircraft (ii) against a ship, aircraft, persons or property in a place outside the jurisdiction of any State (b) any act of voluntary participation in the operation of a ship or of an aircraft with knowledge of facts making it a pirate ship or aircraft (c) any act of inciting or of intentionally facilitating an act described in subparagraph (a) or (b). (a) any illegal acts of violence or detention, or any act of depredation, committed for private ends by the crew or the passengers of a private ship or a private aircraft, and directed: Piracy consists of any of the following acts: The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea defines in Article 101 (Definition of Piracy): To this day, the Harvard Draft adds to the debate of what constitutes piracy. The definition of piracy was adopted from the Geneva Convention unto the UNCLOS definition of Piracy verbatim. The 1958 Geneva Convention on the High Seas had drawn on the research of the Harvard Draft. It held piracy as not a crime against the law of nations giving faith to the jurisdiction of individual states to repress piracy. The 1932 Convention of Piracy was provided as one of the thirteen commentaries presented in the 1930 League of Nations Codification Conference on International Law. Pirates are denied protection of the flag state and all states have the right to seize a pirate ship on the high seas and to prosecute in national courts. As such, there is universal jurisdiction over piracy on the high seas. The term hostis humani generis (enemy of all mankind) was applied to pirates in the 1927 Lotus case of the Permanent Court of International Justice, the League of Nations equivalent of the International Court of Justice. The flag state normally has jurisdiction and responsibility for a vessel on the high seas. The treaty is accepted as customary international law. It has been ratified by 168 states and there are 157 signatories (accepted but not signed). The piracy articles of UNCLOS replicate Articles 14 to 21 of the 1958 Geneva Convention on the High Seas. Article 109 on pirate broadcasting by 'radio transmission' is considered an out-dated, or grandfather clause. Article 108 is not strictly piracy law, but for the suppression of illicit traffic of narcotic drugs at sea. UNCLOS codified the laws of piracy in Articles 100 to 110. Piracy law as codified in UNCLOS UNCLOS maritime zones In these incidents, 6 crew were killed, 42 assaulted, 774 held hostage and 38 crew are unaccounted for. A 2008 report by the International Maritime Organization found 4,821 incidents of modern piracy and maritime armed robbery in the period 1984 to 2008. All ships and countries are free to trade and navigate the oceans, a right which is threatened by piracy. Piracy threatens maritime security and the legitimate uses of the seas for peaceful purposes and the freedom of navigation (freedom of the seas, Mare Liberum). The United Nations has codified much of the law in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which defines different types of piracy and ways to combat it. Throughout history and legal precedents, pirates have been defined as hostis humani generis, Latin for "the enemy of all mankind". International piracy law is international law that is meant to protect against piracy. International law that is meant to protect against piracy
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